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  Vue3的新特性(三)：setup()、computed()和watch()
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  <time datetime="2021-01-13T14:16:42.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2021-01-13</time>
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  <h3 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h3><p>本文主要介绍 vue3 新增 Composition API 的一些特性 setup()、computed()和 watch()，Composition API 可以把复杂组件的逻辑变得更为紧凑，使代码有更高复用性和灵活性。</p>
<h3 id="1-setup"><a href="#1-setup" class="headerlink" title="1. setup()"></a>1. setup()</h3><p><code>setup()</code>是 <code>vue3</code> 中新增特性，在组件 <code>created()</code>生命周期之前执行。<br>因为 <code>setup()</code> 是在组件 <code>created()</code>之前执行的，所以在 <code>setup()</code>内部无法获取 <code>this</code>。</p>
<p><code>setup(props,context)</code>接收两个参数：<code>props</code>,<code>context</code></p>
<h5 id="参数一：props"><a href="#参数一：props" class="headerlink" title="参数一：props"></a>参数一：props</h5><p>组件接收的 <code>props</code> 数据可以在 <code>setup()</code>函数内访问到。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">props</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">title</span>: <span class="built_in">String</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="title">setup</span>(<span class="params">props</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(props.title)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>props</code> 具有响应性，不能使用 ES6 解构它，这会使其失去响应性。如果需要解构，可以使用 <code>toRefs()</code></p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> &#123; title &#125; = toRefs(props)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(title.value)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>如果 <code>title</code> 是一个可选的属性，需使用 <code>toRef()</code>,如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> &#123; toRef &#125; <span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="string">&#x27;vue&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">setup</span>(<span class="params">props</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="keyword">const</span> title = toRef(props, <span class="string">&#x27;title&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="built_in">console</span>.log(title.value)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<span id="more"></span>

<h5 id="参数二：context："><a href="#参数二：context：" class="headerlink" title="参数二：context："></a>参数二：context：</h5><pre><code>`context` 是一个上下文对象，可以通过 context 来访问 Vue 的实力 this。
`context` 内部包括三个属性：`attrs`、`slots`、`emit`
</code></pre>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">export</span> <span class="keyword">default</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function"><span class="title">setup</span>(<span class="params">props, &#123; attrs, slots, emit &#125;</span>)</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>context 是一个常规的 js 对象，它不具有响应性可以直接对它解构。但 <code>attrs</code> 和 <code>slots</code> 是有状态的对象，当组件本身更新时它们也会随之更新，这意味着我们应该避免解构它们。</p>
<h3 id="2-computed"><a href="#2-computed" class="headerlink" title="2. computed()"></a>2. computed()</h3><h5 id="computed-创建只读计算属性"><a href="#computed-创建只读计算属性" class="headerlink" title="computed()创建只读计算属性"></a>computed()创建只读计算属性</h5><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> count = ref(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 创建一个只读性计算属性，依赖于count值</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> plusOne = computed(<span class="function">() =&gt;</span> count.value + <span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(plusOne.value) <span class="comment">// 2</span></span><br><span class="line">plusOne.value++ <span class="comment">// error 该计算属性为只读属性，不可写</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h5 id="computed-创建可读写计算属性"><a href="#computed-创建可读写计算属性" class="headerlink" title="computed()创建可读写计算属性"></a>computed()创建可读写计算属性</h5><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> count = ref(<span class="number">1</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 创建一个可读写计算属性</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> plusOne = computed(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">get</span>: <span class="function">() =&gt;</span> count.value + <span class="number">1</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">set</span>: <span class="function">(<span class="params">val</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    count.value = val - <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">plusOne.value = <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">console</span>.log(count.value) <span class="comment">// 0</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="3-watch"><a href="#3-watch" class="headerlink" title="3. watch()"></a>3. watch()</h3><h5 id="watch-监听单个数据源"><a href="#watch-监听单个数据源" class="headerlink" title="watch()监听单个数据源"></a>watch()监听单个数据源</h5><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 监听 a getter</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> state = reactive(&#123; <span class="attr">count</span>: <span class="number">0</span> &#125;)</span><br><span class="line">watch(</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">() =&gt;</span> state.count,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">(<span class="params">count, prevCount</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">/* ... */</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 直接监听 a ref</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> count = ref(<span class="number">0</span>)</span><br><span class="line">watch(count, <span class="function">(<span class="params">count, prevCount</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">/* ... */</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h5 id="watch-监听多个数据源"><a href="#watch-监听多个数据源" class="headerlink" title="watch()监听多个数据源"></a>watch()监听多个数据源</h5><p>第一个参数中，要监听的数据源以数组的形式传入。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> firstName = ref(<span class="string">&#x27;&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> lastName = ref(<span class="string">&#x27;&#x27;</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">watch([firstName, lastName], <span class="function">(<span class="params">newValues, prevValues</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(newValues, prevValues)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">firstName.value = <span class="string">&#x27;John&#x27;</span> <span class="comment">// logs: [&quot;John&quot;,&quot;&quot;] [&quot;&quot;, &quot;&quot;]</span></span><br><span class="line">lastName.value = <span class="string">&#x27;Smith&#x27;</span> <span class="comment">// logs: [&quot;John&quot;, &quot;Smith&quot;] [&quot;John&quot;, &quot;&quot;]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>另，当监听一个响应性对象时，</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> numbers = reactive([<span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span>, <span class="number">3</span>, <span class="number">4</span>])</span><br><span class="line">watch(</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">() =&gt;</span> [...numbers],</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">(<span class="params">numbers, prevNumbers</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(numbers, prevNumbers)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line">numbers.push(<span class="number">5</span>) <span class="comment">// logs: [1,2,3,4,5] [1,2,3,4]</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>当监听一个复杂对象的属性或者数组时需要传入第三个参数<code>&#123;deep:true&#125;</code>，如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> state = reactive(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">id</span>: <span class="number">1</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">attributes</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="string">&#x27;&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">watch(</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">() =&gt;</span> state,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">(<span class="params">state, prevState</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">&#x27;not deep &#x27;</span>, state.attributes.name, prevState.attributes.name)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line">watch(</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">() =&gt;</span> state,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">(<span class="params">state, prevState</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">&#x27;deep &#x27;</span>, state.attributes.name, prevState.attributes.name)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;,</span><br><span class="line">  &#123; <span class="attr">deep</span>: <span class="literal">true</span> &#125;</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">state.attributes.name = <span class="string">&#x27;Alex&#x27;</span> <span class="comment">// Logs: &quot;deep &quot; &quot;Alex&quot; &quot;Alex&quot;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>监听一个响应式对象或者数组时总是返回当前数据变化前后的引用，为了真正的监听复杂对象或数组，需要进行一次深拷贝。<br>官方推荐方案：<a href="!https://lodash.com/docs/4.17.15#cloneDeep">lodash.cloneDeep</a></p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> _ <span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="string">&#x27;lodash&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> state = reactive(&#123;</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">id</span>: <span class="number">1</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="attr">attributes</span>: &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">name</span>: <span class="string">&#x27;lemon&#x27;</span></span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">watch(</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">() =&gt;</span> _.cloneDeep(state),</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="function">(<span class="params">state, prevState</span>) =&gt;</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(state.attributes.name, prevState.attributes.name)</span><br><span class="line">  &#125;</span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line">state.attributes.name = <span class="string">&#x27;Alex&#x27;</span> <span class="comment">// Logs: &quot;Alex&quot; &quot;lemon&quot;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<blockquote>
<p>更多详细用法请参考<a href="!https://v3.vuejs.org/guide/reactivity-computed-watchers.html#watching-reactive-objects">Composition API——watch</a></p>
</blockquote>
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